Fun 语言手册


0. Fun 语言简介

Fun 是一种易学易用的支持面向对象和函数式特性的结构化命令式编程语言.

Fun 的语法非常简单清晰, 主要语法来自 Ada 语言, 为了简洁, 适当的做了一些改变. 语法主要从以下几个方面着重考虑, 多用英文关键字(虽然实际上也支持中文关键字, 但不提倡用中文编程. Fun 选用的关键字都是优先考虑最常用的, 即使英文基础不高, 也完全不是问题), 少用符号, 易读易写易修改. Fun 是纯粹的块结构语言, 除了命令, 其他全部是块结构(甚至取消了一行 if 的用法). 块之间任意嵌套, 不做限制, 也就是你可以在 if 里面声明函数或者类, 任意的. Fun 支持常见的控制结构. Fun 支持异常处理, 用法比较像 Delphi, 只不过同时支持 "except" 和 "finally". Fun 是一种动态类型语言, 类型无需声明, 类型之间在需要的时候自动转换, 当然 Fun 也提供了显式转换功能. Fun 支持基于类的单继承面向对象功能, 支持少量的运算符重载. Fun 支持函数式用法, 用法跟 Lisp 和 Javascript 差不多. Fun 实现了一个非常简单高效的垃圾回收器, 程序员无需关心内存释放问题. Fun 支持 Perl 兼容的正则表达式, 处理文本非常方便. Fun 的基础结构是一种类似于 Lisp 的表, 用来支持各种数据结构, 如数组, 字典等.


1. 控制结构

Fun 选用类 Ada 语言的控制结构语法. 用过 Ada 语言的人就会知道, Ada 式语法非常简单清晰, 易读, 易于输入, 易于修改. Ada 语言算是 Pascal 语言的进化版, 比如去掉了 Pascal 里面不合理的分号分隔用法, 改为分号结束(初学 Pascal 的人几乎一定会在这个地方载跟头, 就像初学 C 的人也几乎一定会在 = 和 == 这个地方载跟头一样). Fun 修改了少数几个地方, 目的也是为了更清晰易读易输入, 比如将 "when ... =>" 改为 "when ... do", 增加了 "while ... do" 和 "for ... do", 等.

Fun 的异常处理主要来自于 Delphi, 做了些增强, 让 "except" 和 "finally" 可以同时用. 因为是动态类型, 所以去掉了 "on", 如果程序员需要判断处理, 可以用 "case" 替代.


1.1 分支结构: if/case

包括 "if..then" 和 "case..when".


1.1.1 if


  1. ########################################

  2. # if

  3. ########################################

  4. #   if    expression then cmds

  5. # { elsif expression then cmds }    0..n

  6. # [ else                  cmds ]    0..1

  7. #   end if;

  8. ########################################

  9.  

  10. if true then

  11. ..?. true; # HIT

  12. end if;

  13.  

  14. if false then

  15. ..?. false;

  16. else

  17. ..?. true; # HIT

  18. end if;

  19.  

  20. if false then

  21. ..?. false;

  22. elsif true then

  23. ..?. true; # HIT

  24. else

  25. ..?. "What's wrong with you?";

  26. end if;

  27.  

  28. ########################################

  29. # 1. Comments start with "#" or "//"

  30. #    Comment block: #* ... #

  31. # 2. "true", "false" are keywords

  32. # 3. "?." means output (append extra \r\n)

  33. #    "?," means output (append a blank' ')

  34. #    "?:" means output (append a TAB     )

  35. #    "?"  means output (without any extra)

  36. ########################################
True
True
True


下载该演示


1.1.2 case


  1. ########################################

  2. # case

  3. ########################################

  4. #   case expression is

  5. #   { when value do cmds }+         1..n

  6. #   [ else          cmds ]          0..1

  7. #   end case;

  8. ########################################

  9.  

  10. var exp = 1;

  11.  

  12. case exp is

  13. ..when 1 do

  14. ....?. 1; # HIT

  15. ..when 2 do

  16. ....?. 2;

  17. ..when 3 do

  18. ....?. 3;

  19. ..else

  20. ....?. 'else';

  21. end case;

  22.  

  23. exp = "Hello";

  24.  

  25. case exp is

  26. ..when "Good" do

  27. ....?. @ & ' morning!';

  28. ..when "Bad" do

  29. ....?. @ & ' command or file name!';

  30. ..when "Hello" do

  31. ....?. @ & ', world!'; # HIT

  32. ..else

  33. ....?. @ & ' not found!';

  34. end case;

  35.  

  36. ########################################

  37. # 1. Value in "when" may be anything ([...] or /.../)

  38. # 2. "@" is a built-in variable in "case"

  39. #        @ <- expression in "case ... is"

  40. # 3. "&" means string concat

  41. # 4. String quoted with ' or " or `

  42. ########################################
1
Hello, world!


下载该演示


1.2 循环结构: loop


  1. ########################################

  2. # loop

  3. ########################################

  4. #   loop

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end loop;

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. var i = 1;

  10.  

  11. loop

  12. ..?. i;

  13. ..exit;

  14. end loop;

  15.  

  16. loop

  17. ..exit when i > 9;

  18. ..? i;

  19. ..i += 1;

  20. end loop;

  21. ?. '..DONE';

  22.  

  23. i = 9;

  24.  

  25. loop

  26. ..i -= 1;

  27. ..exit when i <= 0;

  28. ..next when i mod 2 = 1;

  29. ..? i;

  30. end loop;

  31. ?. '..DONE';

  32.  

  33. ########################################

  34. # 1. "exit" means exit the loop

  35. #    "exit when" means when ... exit ...

  36. #    "next" means skip to next loop

  37. #    "next when" means when ... next ...

  38. # 2. v += ... means v = v + ...

  39. #    v -= ... means v = v - ...

  40. #    v *= ... means v = v * ...

  41. #    v &= ... means v = v & ...

  42. ########################################
1
123456789..DONE
8642..DONE


下载该演示


1.2.1 while


  1. ########################################

  2. # loop-while

  3. ########################################

  4. #   while expression loop

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end loop;

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. var i = 1;

  10.  

  11. while i <= 9 loop

  12. ..? i;

  13. ..i += 1;

  14. end loop;

  15. ?. '..DONE';

  16.  

  17. i = 9;

  18.  

  19. while i > 0 do

  20. ..? i;

  21. ..i -= 1;

  22. end do;

  23. ?. '..DONE';

  24.  

  25. ########################################

  26. # 1. while ... "loop" -> while ... "do"

  27. #    end       "loop" -> end       "do"

  28. ########################################
123456789..DONE
987654321..DONE


下载该演示


1.2.2 for


  1. ########################################

  2. # loop-for

  3. ########################################

  4. #   for v = e1 to e2 [step e3] loop

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end loop;

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. for i = 1 to 9 loop

  10. ..? i;

  11. end loop;

  12. ?. '..DONE';

  13.  

  14. for i = 9 to 1 step -1 do

  15. ..? i;

  16. end do;

  17. ?. '..DONE';

  18.  

  19. ########################################

  20. # 1. for ... "loop" -> for ... "do"

  21. #    end     "loop" -> end     "do"

  22. # 2. v is a built-in variable in loop

  23. ########################################
123456789..DONE
987654321..DONE


下载该演示


1.2.3 for-in


  1. ########################################

  2. # loop-for-in

  3. ########################################

  4. #   for v in expression loop

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end loop;

  7. ########################################

  8. #   for k : v in expression loop

  9. #     cmds

  10. #   end loop;

  11. ########################################

  12. #   for k : v, i in expression loop

  13. #     cmds

  14. #   end loop;

  15. ########################################

  16. #   for v, i in expression loop

  17. #     cmds

  18. #   end loop;

  19. ########################################

  20.  

  21. for i in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] loop

  22. ..? i;

  23. end loop;

  24. ?. '..DONE';

  25.  

  26. for i in [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] do

  27. ..? i;

  28. end do;

  29. ?. '..DONE';

  30.  

  31. for k: i in [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3] do

  32. ..?, k;

  33. ..?, i;

  34. end do;

  35. ?. 'DONE';

  36.  

  37. for k: i, j in [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3] do

  38. ..?, k;

  39. ..?, i;

  40. ..?, j;

  41. end do;

  42. ?. 'DONE';
12345..DONE
54321..DONE
a 1 b 2 c 3 DONE
a 1 0 b 2 1 c 3 2 DONE


下载该演示


1.3 异常结构: try


  1. ########################################

  2. # try

  3. ########################################

  4. #   try     cmds

  5. # [ except  cmds ]                  0..1

  6. # [ finally cmds ]                  0..1

  7. #   end try;

  8. ########################################

  9.  

  10. try

  11. ..? 'try..';     # HIT

  12. except

  13. ..? 'except..';

  14. end try;

  15. ?. 'DONE';

  16.  

  17. try

  18. ..? 'try..';     # HIT

  19. finally

  20. ..? 'finally..'; # HIT

  21. end try;

  22. ?. 'DONE';

  23.  

  24. try

  25. ..? 'try..';     # HIT

  26. except

  27. ..? 'except..';

  28. finally

  29. ..? 'finally..'; # HIT

  30. end try;

  31. ?. 'DONE';

  32.  

  33. try

  34. ..? 'try..';     # HIT

  35. ..? 1 / 0;

  36. ..? '1 / 0';

  37. except

  38. ..? 'except..';  # HIT

  39. ..? @ & '..';    # HIT

  40. finally

  41. ..? 'finally..'; # HIT

  42. end try;

  43. ?. 'DONE';

  44.  

  45. try

  46. ..? 'try..';     # HIT

  47. ..raise "Stop!";

  48. ..? 'Stop!';

  49. except

  50. ..? 'except..';  # HIT

  51. ..? @ & '..';    # HIT

  52. finally

  53. ..? 'finally..'; # HIT

  54. end try;

  55. ?. 'DONE';

  56.  

  57. ########################################

  58. # 1. "@" is a built-in variable in "except"

  59. #        @ <- exception

  60. # 2. "raise" can throw an exception

  61. #        exception can be anything

  62. ########################################
try..DONE
try..finally..DONE
try..finally..DONE
try..except..Floating point division by zero..finally..DONE
try..except..Stop!..finally..DONE


下载该演示


2. 变量: 命令式语言的精髓

Fun 是一种命令式语言, 变量算是一种核心概念, 程序通过修改变量的值来修改程序的执行状态(纯函数式语言则不同, 完全无需变量, 程序流程相当于一连串函数串联起来). Fun 语言的变量是动态类型的(不是无类型), 声明时无需声明类型, 类型取决于变量的值, 同一个变量取不同的值, 其类型也不同. 变量在不同的地方使用, 需要做类型转换时会自动转换, 程序员也可自行转换. Fun 的变量值修改, 只能在单一语句中完成(也叫做命令), Fun 不支持类 C 的 ++/-- 或者表达式中的 = 赋值功能.


2.1 命名

Fun 语言支持如下的字母表, 用来为变量(包括函数, 类等)命名: /[$_@A-Za-z][$_@A-Za-z0-9]*/ (正则表达式). 实际上, 也包括中文.

关键字(40 个, 全部保留, 程序员不能拿关键字来命名):

  if then elsif else end case is when do
  loop exit next while for to step in
  try except finally raise fun return
  class atom new var use as null nil
  div mod not and or xor bit true false

Fun 语言里面还有 4 个内置变量:

  @ result this base

  @ 用在:
    "case", "except", "fun"
  result 用在:
    "fun"
  this/base 用在
    "class"


2.2 类型

Fun 语言的变量有如下数据类型: 基本型(数字, 字符串, 布尔, 时间), 对象型(列表, 对象, 类, 函数), 还有其他的.

所有的基本型都是值类型. 所有的对象型都是引用类型, 赋值时仅仅 shallow copy (当然了, 可以使用内置的 '@clone' 函数来复制对象).


  1. ########################################

  2. # type

  3. ########################################

  4. #   Number: [0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?(e-?[0-9]+)?|0x[0-9a-f]+|0b[01]+

  5. #   String: Quoted with ' or " or `

  6. #   Time:   @String

  7. #   Bool:   true/false

  8. #   Null:   null/nil

  9. ########################################

  10.  

  11. # Number

  12. ?. 123456789;

  13. var n = 1.23456789;             ?. n;

  14. n = 0xffffffff;                 ?. n;

  15.  

  16. # String

  17. ?. "This is a string.";

  18. var s = 'Hello, string.';       ?. s;

  19. ?. 'it''s me'; // '...''...', "...""...", `...``...`, `...`id`...` (for quine)

  20.  

  21. # Time

  22. ?. @"2010-04-09 15:35:15";

  23. var t = @'2010-04-09 15:35:15'; ?. t;

  24.  

  25. # Bool

  26. ?. true;

  27. var b = false;                  ?. b;

  28.  

  29. # Null

  30. ?. '[' & null & ']';
123456789
1.23456789
4294967295
This is a string.
Hello, string.
it's me
2010-4-9 15:35:15
2010-4-9 15:35:15
True
False
[]


下载该演示


2.3 运算

变量运算组成表达式, Fun 有以下类型的运算以及表达式: 数字运算, 字符串运算, 布尔运算等. 布尔表达式经常用在控制结构的条件部分.


  1. ########################################

  2. # calc

  3. ########################################

  4. #   Number: + - * / div mod ^

  5. #   Bits:   << >> (bit not/and/or/xor)

  6. #   String: &

  7. #   Time:   + -

  8. #   Bool:   not and or xor

  9. #   Regex:  =~ !~

  10. #   Set:    in

  11. #   Others: = !=(<>) < <= > >=

  12. #     Set/Others for any types

  13. ########################################

  14. # precedence (default left association)

  15. ########################################

  16. #   () [] .

  17. #   ^

  18. #   * / div mod

  19. #   (bit not)                   -> right

  20. #   (bit and/or/xor) << >>

  21. #   + -

  22. #   &

  23. #   = != <> < <= > >= in =~ !~  -> none

  24. #   not                         -> right

  25. #   and

  26. #   or xor

  27. ########################################

  28. # short-circuit calculation

  29. ########################################

  30. #   and

  31. #   or

  32. ########################################

  33.  

  34. # Number

  35. var n1 = 9;

  36. var n2 = 3.3;

  37. ?. n1 + n2;

  38. ?. n1 - n2;

  39. ?. n1 * n2;

  40. ?. n1 / n2;

  41. ?. n1 div "4"; # Type conversions automatically

  42. ?. n1 mod '4'; # Type conversions automatically

  43. ?. n1 ^ 3;     # power

  44.  

  45. # Bits

  46. n1 = 0x0f;

  47. n2 = 0xf0;

  48. ?. n1 << 4;    # shift left

  49. ?. n2 >> 4;    # shift right

  50. ?. bit not n1;

  51. ?. n1 bit and n2;

  52. ?. n1 bit or  n2;

  53. ?. n1 bit xor n2;

  54.  

  55. # String

  56. var s1 = 'Hello';

  57. var s2 = ", world!";

  58. ?. s1 & s2 & ' - ' & 10000; # Type conversions automatically

  59.  

  60. # Time

  61. var t1 = @"2010-04-09 15:35:15";

  62. var t2 = @'2010-03-09 15:35:15';

  63. ?. t1 + 100;

  64. ?. t1 - t2;

  65.  

  66. # Bool

  67. var b1 = true;

  68. var b2 = false;

  69. ?. not not b1;

  70. ?. not (b1 and b2);

  71. ?. b1 or  b2;

  72. ?. b1 xor b2;

  73.  

  74. # Set

  75. ?. "Hello" in ["Hello", "World"];

  76.  

  77. # Others - Compare

  78. ?. not 1 = 2;

  79. ?. 1 != 2;

  80. ?. 1 <> 2;

  81. ?. 1 < 2;

  82. ?. 1 <= 2;

  83. ?. not 1 > 2;

  84. ?. not 1 >= 2;

  85.  

  86. # Null - All null values equal null (number, string, bool, etc.)

  87. ?. null = 0;

  88. ?. null = false;

  89. ?. null = '';

  90.  

  91. # Short-circuit calculation

  92. ?. true  or  1 = 0; # "1 = 0" doesn't need calc

  93. ?. false and 1 = 1; # "1 = 1" doesn't need calc

  94.  

  95. # Optional

  96. ?. Undefined?;

  97. ?. Undefined?.Undefined?;
12.3
5.7
29.7
2.72727272727273
2
1
729
240
15
4294967280
0
255
255
Hello, world! - 10000
2010-7-18 15:35:15
31
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
False


下载该演示


2.4 赋值

变量值只能在一条命令语句中修改, 表达式中是不能修改变量值的.


  1. ########################################

  2. # assign

  3. ########################################

  4. #   v  = expression;

  5. #   v += expression;

  6. #   v -= expression;

  7. #   v *= expression;

  8. #   v &= expression;

  9. ########################################

  10.  

  11. var a = 1; ?. a = 1;

  12. a += 2;    ?. a = 3;

  13. a -= 1;    ?. a = 2;

  14. a *= 2;    ?. a = 4;

  15. a &= 5;    ?. a = '45';
True
True
True
True
True


下载该演示


2.5 作用域

变量在块中以关键字 "var" 来声明. 一个模块(文件)或者任意控制结构如 if/elsif/else/case/when/loop 都是块, fun/class 也是块. 变量的作用域规则非常简单, 靠近自己的块就是它的作用域, 即使声明在当前语句的后面也是如此(因此, Fun 语言无需提前声明).


  1. ########################################

  2. # scope

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. var a = 1;

  6. var b = 2;

  7. ?. a = 1;

  8. ?. b = 2;

  9.  

  10. if true then

  11. ..var a = 2;  # new "a"

  12. ..b     = 22; # old "b"

  13. ..?. a = 2;

  14. ..?. b = 22;

  15.  

  16. ..if true then

  17. ....var a = 3;  # new "a"

  18. ....b     = 33; # old "b"

  19. ....?. a = 3;

  20. ....?. b = 33;

  21. ..end if;

  22.  

  23. ..?. a = 2;

  24. ..?. b = 33;

  25. end if;

  26.  

  27. ?. a = 1;

  28. ?. b = 33;
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True


下载该演示


3. 函数: 基本的过程化模块化编程

Fun 是一种过程化语言, 支持传统的模块化编程. 函数可以定义在任何块结构中, 其作用域与变量作用域完全相同(实际上, 函数名跟变量完全等价, 在函数式编程的介绍里面会看到).


3.1 函数声明与调用


  1. ########################################

  2. # fun

  3. ########################################

  4. #   fun name ( parameters )

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end fun;

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. # Define a function named "foo"

  10. fun foo()

  11. ..?. 'Hello, fun!';

  12. end fun;

  13.  

  14. # Call function "foo"

  15. foo();

  16.  

  17. # Define a function with parameters

  18. fun max(a, b)

  19. ..if a > b then

  20. ....result = a;

  21. ..else

  22. ....result = b;

  23. ..end if;

  24. end fun;

  25.  

  26. fun min(a, b)

  27. ..if a < b then

  28. ....return a;

  29. ..else

  30. ....return b;

  31. ..end if;

  32. end fun;

  33.  

  34. ?. max(1, 9);

  35. ?. max(9, 1);

  36. ?. min(1, 9);

  37. ?. min(9, 1);

  38.  

  39. ########################################

  40. # 1. "result", "@" are built-in variables in "fun"

  41. #        they all be defined as the result value of the fun

  42. # 2. "return" means return the fun

  43. #        it can return with/without a value

  44. # 3. "exit" can exit a fun too

  45. ########################################
Hello, fun!
9
9
1
1


下载该演示


3.2 默认参数


  1. ########################################

  2. # fun-default

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. # test define

  6. fun test(a, b, c)

  7. ..# embed inner fun

  8. ..fun echo(name, str)

  9. ....? name & '=[' & str & '] ';

  10. ..end fun;

  11.  

  12. ..# echo the parameters

  13. ..echo('a', a);

  14. ..echo('b', b);

  15. ..echo('c', c);

  16. ..?. 'DONE';

  17. end fun;

  18.  

  19. test(1, 2, 3);

  20. test(1, 2);    # keep param(s) 'c' as null

  21. test(1);       # keep param(s) 'b' and 'c' as null

  22.  

  23. ########################################

  24. # 1. Default arguments always be set as null

  25. ########################################
a=[1] b=[2] c=[3] DONE
a=[1] b=[2] c=[] DONE
a=[1] b=[] c=[] DONE


下载该演示


3.3 命名参数


  1. ########################################

  2. # fun-named

  3. ########################################

  4. #   { name: value }                 0..n

  5. ########################################

  6.  

  7. # test define

  8. fun test(a, b, c)

  9. ..# embed inner fun

  10. ..fun echo(name, str)

  11. ....? name & '=[' & str & '] ';

  12. ..end fun;

  13.  

  14. ..# echo the parameters

  15. ..echo('a', a);

  16. ..echo('b', b);

  17. ..echo('c', c);

  18. ..?. 'DONE';

  19. end fun;

  20.  

  21. test(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3);

  22. test(c: 1, b: 2, a: 3);

  23. test(c: 1, b: 2);       # keep param(s) 'a' as null

  24. test(c: 1);             # keep param(s) 'b' and 'a' as null

  25.  

  26. ########################################

  27. # 1. Default arguments always be set as null

  28. ########################################
a=[1] b=[2] c=[3] DONE
a=[3] b=[2] c=[1] DONE
a=[] b=[2] c=[1] DONE
a=[] b=[] c=[1] DONE


下载该演示


3.4 传值与传址

Fun 的函数调用参数支持 2 种类型, 即传值和引用, 默认是传值. 如果需要传递引用, 则必须在调用时给参数加上 "var" 关键字, 这样被调用函数里面可以直接修改该参数的值.

值得注意的是, 所有的对象型变量, 在赋值以及传参数时, 直接就是传的指针(地址), 但如果不加 "var" 关键字, 则传递方的变量不被被调用函数修改.


  1. ########################################

  2. # fun-ref

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. fun swap(a, b)

  6. ..var t = a;

  7. ..a = b;

  8. ..b = t;

  9. end fun;

  10.  

  11. var i = 1;

  12. var j = 9;

  13. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  14.  

  15. swap(i, j);         # Call by value

  16. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  17.  

  18. swap(var i, var j); # Call by reference

  19. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  20.  

  21. swap(var i, var j); # Call by reference

  22. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  23.  

  24. ########################################

  25. # 1. pass "var" arguments to call by reference

  26. ########################################
1 9
1 9
9 1
1 9


下载该演示


3.5 递归调用


  1. ########################################

  2. # fun-recursion

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. for i = 1 to 17 do

  6. ..?. fact(i);

  7.  

  8. ..fun fact(n)

  9. ....if n > 1 then

  10. ......result = n * fact(n - 1); # call fact recursion

  11. ....else

  12. ......result = 1;

  13. ....end if;

  14. ..end fun;

  15. end do;
1
2
6
24
120
720
5040
40320
362880
3628800
39916800
479001600
6227020800
87178291200
1307674368000
20922789888000
355687428096000


下载该演示


3.6 模块引用

Fun 支持模块复用, 用 "use" 来引用其他模块, 引用时可以重命名.


  1. ########################################

  2. # use

  3. ########################################

  4. #   use string;

  5. ########################################

  6. #   use string as id;

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. ?. '----Use fun-ref.fun ...';

  10.  

  11. use 'fun-ref.fun';

  12.  

  13. ?. '----Used----';

  14.  

  15. i = 11;

  16. j = 99;

  17. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  18.  

  19. swap(i, j);         # Call by value

  20. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  21.  

  22. swap(var i, var j); # Call by reference

  23. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  24.  

  25. swap(var i, var j); # Call by reference

  26. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  27.  

  28. use 'fun-ref.fun' as lib; # use as alias

  29.  

  30. i = 111;

  31. j = 999;

  32. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  33.  

  34. lib.swap(var i, var j);   # use via module_alias.name

  35. ?. i & ' ' & j;

  36.  

  37. ########################################

  38. # 1. The used file will be inited at first (Run Once)

  39. # 2. Can access the IDs for top level of the used file

  40. #      Variables and functions/classes and so on

  41. # 3. The latest IDs are valid for same name

  42. #      Multiple files be used

  43. # 4. Can re-name the module as a new id, such as

  44. #      use "..." as newone;

  45. #      ?. newone.test();

  46. # 5. Files Can be used in anywhere

  47. ########################################
----Use fun-ref.fun ...
1 9
1 9
9 1
1 9
----Used----
11 99
11 99
99 11
11 99
111 999
999 111


下载该演示


4. 类: 基于类的面向对象编程

Fun 是一种面向对象编程语言, 支持基于类的单继承和多态特性. 支持有限的运算符重载.


4.1 类声明与对象创建

Fun 使用 "class" 关键字来定义类, 类可以定义在任何地方. 类实例即对象的创建时会调用类的构造函数, 也就是类体里面的代码(不包括成员函数里面的代码).


  1. ########################################

  2. # class

  3. ########################################

  4. #   class name ( parameters )

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end class;

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. # define a class

  10. class CA()

  11. ..# test for class constructor

  12. ..? 'CA-constructor-starting..';

  13.  

  14. ..# member variable

  15. ..var name = 'CA';

  16.  

  17. ..# member function

  18. ..fun showName()

  19. ....?. name;

  20. ..end fun;

  21.  

  22. ..fun getName()

  23. ....return name;

  24. ..end fun;

  25.  

  26. ..?. 'DONE';

  27. end class;

  28.  

  29. # create a class instance (object)

  30. var a = CA();

  31.  

  32. # use the member variable of object

  33. ?. a.name;

  34.  

  35. # use the member function of object

  36. a.showName();

  37. ?. a.getName();
CA-constructor-starting..DONE
CA
CA
CA


下载该演示


4.2 继承与多态

Fun 语言只支持单继承. 当一个对象被创建时, 构造函数按照从基类到子类的顺序自动调用. 所有同名成员会自动重载覆盖基类的同名成员. 但程序员可以有选择的使用重载或是当前成员, 凡用 this 前缀调用的成员, 一律是重载, 其他是当前成员.


  1. ########################################

  2. # class-subclass

  3. ########################################

  4. #   class name = base ( parameters )

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end class;

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. # define a class

  10. class CA()

  11. ..? 'CA-constructor-starting..';

  12.  

  13. ..var name = 'CA';

  14.  

  15. ..fun showName()

  16. ....?. name;

  17. ..end fun;

  18.  

  19. ..fun getName()

  20. ....return name;

  21. ..end fun;

  22.  

  23. ..?. 'DONE';

  24. end class;

  25.  

  26. # define a sub-class

  27. class CB = CA()

  28. ..? 'CB-constructor-starting..';

  29.  

  30. ..name = 'CB';

  31.  

  32. ..?. 'DONE';

  33. end class;

  34.  

  35. class CC = CB()

  36. ..? 'CC-constructor-starting..';

  37.  

  38. ..name = 'CC';

  39.  

  40. ..fun showName()

  41. ....?. '--CC.showName() .. ' & name & ' .. DONE';

  42. ..end fun;

  43.  

  44. ..?. 'DONE';

  45. end class;

  46.  

  47. fun test(o)

  48. ..?. o.name;

  49. ..o.showName();

  50. ..?. o.getName();

  51. end fun;

  52.  

  53. ?. '--CA--';

  54. test( CA() );

  55.  

  56. ?. '--CB--';

  57. test( CB() );

  58.  

  59. ?. '--CC--';

  60. test( CC() );
--CA--
CA-constructor-starting..DONE
CA
CA
CA
--CB--
CA-constructor-starting..DONE
CB-constructor-starting..DONE
CB
CB
CB
--CC--
CA-constructor-starting..DONE
CB-constructor-starting..DONE
CC-constructor-starting..DONE
CC
--CC.showName() .. CC .. DONE
CC


下载该演示


4.3 This and base


  1. ########################################

  2. # class-base

  3. ########################################

  4. #   class name = base ( parameters )

  5. #     cmds

  6. #   end class;

  7. ########################################

  8. #   this.field or this.method()

  9. #   base.field or base.method()

  10. ########################################

  11.  

  12. // base class

  13. class CBas()

  14. ..var field = 'field';

  15.  

  16. ..fun method()

  17. ....?. field;

  18. ..end fun;

  19.  

  20. ..fun test()

  21. ....?. field;

  22. ....?. this.field;

  23. ....method();      // call the method in this class

  24. ....this.method(); // call the override method

  25. ..end fun;

  26. end class;

  27.  

  28. // sub class

  29. class CSub = CBas()

  30. ..fun method()

  31. ....? 'CSub.method()..';

  32. ....base.method(); // call the method in base classes

  33. ..end fun;

  34. end class;

  35.  

  36. // test ...

  37. var bas = CBas();

  38. var sub = CSub();

  39. ?. '--test--bas--'; ?. bas.field; bas.test();

  40. ?. '--test--sub--'; ?. sub.field; sub.test();

  41. // test ...

  42. bas.field = 'bas';

  43. sub.field = 'sub';

  44. ?. '--test--bas--'; ?. bas.field; bas.test();

  45. ?. '--test--sub--'; ?. sub.field; sub.test();
--test--bas--
field
field
field
field
field
--test--sub--
field
field
field
field
CSub.method()..field
--test--bas--
bas
bas
bas
bas
bas
--test--sub--
sub
sub
sub
sub
CSub.method()..sub


下载该演示


4.4 运算符重载


  1. ########################################

  2. # class-operators-override

  3. ########################################

  4. #   this['+'] = fun (right) { ... }

  5. #   this['-'] = fun (right) { ... }

  6. #   ...

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. class Number(me)

  10. ..this['+'] = fun (you) {

  11. ....return me + you;

  12. ..};

  13.  

  14. ..this['-'] = fun (you) {

  15. ....return me - you;

  16. ..};

  17.  

  18. ..this['*'] = fun (you) {

  19. ....return me * you;

  20. ..};

  21.  

  22. ..this['/'] = fun (you) {

  23. ....return me / you;

  24. ..};

  25.  

  26. ..this['\'] = fun (you) {

  27. ....return me div you;

  28. ..};

  29.  

  30. ..this['%'] = fun (you) {

  31. ....return me mod you;

  32. ..};

  33.  

  34. ..this['^'] = fun (you) {

  35. ....return me ^ you;

  36. ..};

  37.  

  38. ..this['='] = fun (you) {

  39. ....return me = you;

  40. ..};

  41.  

  42. ..this['!'] = fun (you) {

  43. ....return me <> you;

  44. ..};

  45.  

  46. ..this['>'] = fun (you) {

  47. ....return me > you;

  48. ..};

  49.  

  50. ..this['<'] = fun (you) {

  51. ....return me < you;

  52. ..};

  53. end class;

  54.  

  55. var n = Number(10);

  56. ?. n .+ 2;  // .+ means + override version

  57. ?. n .- 3;  // .- means - override version

  58. ?. n .* 4;  // .* means * override version

  59. ?. n ./ 5;  // ./ means / override version

  60. ?. n .\ 6;  // .\ means \ override version

  61. ?. n .% 7;  // .% means % override version

  62. ?. n .^ 8;  // .^ means ^ override version

  63. ?. n .> 9;  // .> means > override version

  64. ?. n .= 10; // .= means = override version

  65. ?. n .< 11; // .< means < override version

  66. ?. n .! 12; // .! means ! override version

  67.  

  68. ########################################

  69. # 1. Currently FUN supports override operators(16):

  70. #    + - * / \ % ^ ! = < > & ~ ? | #

  71. # 2. All override operators same precedence

  72. # 3. All override operators are duality operators

  73. #    So the functions will have one parameter

  74. # 4. Must use "." append operators to use them

  75. ########################################
12
7
40
2
1
3
100000000
True
True
True
True


下载该演示


4.5 一切都是对象

一切都是对象, 包括数字, 字符串, 列表, 函数, 类等等.


  1. ########################################

  2. # object

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. # number

  6. ?. (1.atan() * 2).sin();

  7.  

  8. # string

  9. ?. '123'.length();

  10. ?. 'abc'.upper();

  11. ?. 'ABC'.lower();

  12.  

  13. # set/list

  14. ?. [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3].a;

  15.  

  16. var s1 = [

  17. ..f1: fun(){

  18. ....?. 'hello, f1';

  19. ..},

  20. ..f2: fun(){

  21. ....?. 'hello, f2';

  22. ..}

  23. ];

  24.  

  25. s1.f1();

  26. s1.f2();
1
3
ABC
abc
1
hello, f1
hello, f2


下载该演示


5. 函数式编程

Fun 是一门函数式编程语言, 支持 first-class 和 higher-order 函数. Fun 也支持匿名函数, 闭包和 currying.


5.1 First-class 和高阶函数


  1. ########################################

  2. # functional

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. fun foo(a)

  6. ..?. 'Hello, ' & a & '!';

  7. end fun;

  8.  

  9. var f = foo;

  10. f('functional');

  11.  

  12. fun high(f, a)

  13. ..f(a);

  14. end fun;

  15.  

  16. var h = high;

  17. h(f, 'functional');
Hello, functional!
Hello, functional!


下载该演示


5.2 匿名函数


  1. ########################################

  2. # functional-anonymous

  3. ########################################

  4. #   fun ( parameters ) { cmds }

  5. ########################################

  6. #   fun (            ) { cmds }

  7. ########################################

  8. #       (            ) { cmds }

  9. ########################################

  10. #                      { cmds }

  11. ########################################

  12.  

  13. fun If(a, b, c)

  14. ..if a then

  15. ....return b();

  16. ..elsif c <> null then

  17. ....return c();

  18. ..end if;

  19. end fun;

  20.  

  21. fun Loop(a, b)

  22. ..while a() do

  23. ....b();

  24. ..end do;

  25. end fun;

  26.  

  27. fun For(init, cond, nex1, code)

  28. ..init();

  29. ..while cond() do

  30. ....code();

  31. ....nex1();

  32. ..end do;

  33. end fun;

  34.  

  35. fun testIf()

  36. ..If(

  37. ....true,

  38. ....{?.true}            # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  39. ..);

  40.  

  41. ..If(

  42. ....false,

  43. ....{?.false},          # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  44. ....{?.true}            # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  45. ..);

  46. end fun;

  47. testIf();

  48.  

  49. fun testLoop()

  50. ..var i = 0;

  51. ..var s = 0;

  52.  

  53. ..Loop(

  54. ....{return i < 10},    # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  55. ....{?, i; i += 1}      # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  56. ..);

  57. ..?. 'DONE';

  58.  

  59. ..For(

  60. ....{i = 1; s = 0},     # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  61. ....{@ = i <= 1000},    # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  62. ....{i += 1},           # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  63. ....{s += i}            # Anonymous function (Lambda calculus)

  64. ..);

  65. ..?. s;

  66. end fun;

  67. testLoop();

  68.  

  69. ########################################

  70. # 1. "@" is a built-in variable in "fun"

  71. #        @ <- result

  72. # 2. {...} <- (){} <- fun(){}

  73. #        with parameters must use

  74. #          fun(parameters){} or

  75. #             (parameters){}

  76. # 3. "?." means output (append extra \r\n)

  77. #    "?," means output (append a blank' ')

  78. #    "?:" means output (append a TAB     )

  79. #    "?"  means output (without any extra)

  80. ########################################
True
True
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DONE
500500


下载该演示


5.3 闭包


  1. ########################################

  2. # functional-closure

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. fun counter()

  6. ..var i = 0;

  7. ..return fun(){

  8. ....i += 1;

  9. ....result = i;

  10. ..};

  11. end fun;

  12.  

  13. var c = counter();

  14. ?. c();

  15. ?. c();

  16. ?. c();

  17.  

  18. fun mul(bas)

  19. ..return fun(times){

  20. ....return bas * times;

  21. ..};

  22. end fun;

  23.  

  24. var m = mul(3);

  25. ?. m(4);

  26. ?. m(5);

  27. ?. m(6);
1
2
3
12
15
18


下载该演示


5.4 Currying


  1. ########################################

  2. # functional-currying

  3. ########################################

  4. #   fun name ( arguments )

  5. ########################################

  6.  

  7. fun mul(bas, times)

  8. ..return bas * times;

  9. end fun;

  10.  

  11. var m = fun mul(3);

  12. ?. m(4);

  13. ?. m(5);

  14. ?. m(6);
12
15
18


下载该演示


5.5 数学式函数


  1. ########################################

  2. # functional-mathematics

  3. ########################################

  4. #   var name ( arguments ) = exp;

  5. ########################################

  6. #   ( arguments ) -> exp

  7. #   (           ) -> exp

  8. #     argument    -> exp

  9. #                 -> exp

  10. ########################################

  11.  

  12. var ifv = (condition, vtrue, vfalse){

  13. ..if condition then

  14. ....return vtrue;

  15. ..else

  16. ....return vfalse;

  17. ..end if;

  18. };

  19.  

  20. var forto = (start, end1, step1, action){

  21. ..result = 0;

  22. ..for i = start to end1 step step1 do

  23. ....result = action(i, result);

  24. ..end do;

  25. };

  26.  

  27. var sqrt(n)   = n ^ 0.5;

  28.  

  29. var max(a, b) = ifv(a > b, a, b);

  30. var min(a, b) = ifv(a < b, a, b);

  31.  

  32. var sqrt2 = n -> n ^ 0.5;

  33. var max2 = (a, b) -> ifv(a > b, a, b);

  34. var min2 = (a, b) -> ifv(a < b, a, b);

  35.  

  36. var sum(s, e, i) = forto(s, e, i, (i, r) -> r + i);

  37. var sum1(n)      = sum(1, n, 1);

  38. var fact(n)      = forto(1, n, 1, (i, r) -> ifv(r=0, 1, r) * i);

  39.  

  40. ?. sqrt(9);

  41. ?. max(1, 2);

  42. ?. min(1, 2);

  43. ?. sqrt2(9);

  44. ?. max2(1, 2);

  45. ?. min2(1, 2);

  46. ?. sum(1, 10000, 1);

  47. ?. sum1(10000);

  48. ?. fact(17);
3
2
1
3
2
1
50005000
50005000
355687428096000


下载该演示


6. 列表: 集合处理

Fun 内置了一个简单的方便的列表, 看起来像是数组, 字典, hash 表等. 类似的名词可以包括: 集合, 列表, 数组, 关联数组, hash, map, 字典等等. 在 Fun 语言里面这些全是同一个东西, 甚至函数, 类, 对象等全是.


6.1 数组


  1. ########################################

  2. # set

  3. ########################################

  4. #   [ value, value, value ... ]

  5. ########################################

  6.  

  7. var list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

  8.  

  9. ?. 1 in list;

  10. ?. 3 in list;

  11. ?. 5 in list;

  12. ?. not 7 in list;

  13.  

  14. for i in list do

  15. ..?, i;

  16. end do;

  17. ?. 'DONE';

  18.  

  19. ?. list[0];

  20. ?. list[1];

  21. ?. list[-1];

  22. ?. list[-2];

  23.  

  24. list[3]  = -3;

  25. list[-1] = -5;

  26.  

  27. for i in list do

  28. ..?, i;

  29. end do;

  30. ?. 'DONE';

  31.  

  32. ########################################

  33. # 1. The elements can be anything includes base types and object types

  34. #

  35. #    [num: 1, str: "string", time: @'2010-04-23 17:26:22', bool: false]

  36. #

  37. #    [[name: 'fun', value: 'function'], [name: 'obj', value: 'object']]

  38. #

  39. # 2. Index of list start from 0 to N-1 and from -N to -1, as below:

  40. #

  41. #    var N = list.count();

  42. #

  43. #    [ 0   1   2   3    ...  N-3 N-2 N-1 ]

  44. #      ------------>    ++1   --------->

  45. #

  46. #    [ 0-N 1-N 2-N 3-N  ...   -3  -2  -1 ]

  47. #      <------------    --1   <---------

  48. #

  49. #    !!! Index must be Integer, Don't Use any Float or Double Index !!!

  50. ########################################
True
True
True
True
0 1 2 3 4 5 DONE
0
1
5
4
0 1 2 -3 4 -5 DONE


下载该演示


6.2 字典或者叫关联数组

在 Fun 语言中, 数组和字典或者 hash 表, 实际上是同一个东西, 区别在于你有没有给一个元素命名. 全部元素都没名字的看起来像是传统的数组, 全部命名的就像是传统的字典, 而且还可以有混合的. 对照前面的函数命名参数不难发现, 函数参数表实际上也是跟这个一样, 是同一种东西.


  1. ########################################

  2. # set-named

  3. ########################################

  4. #   [ name: value, name: value ... ]

  5. ########################################

  6.  

  7. var list = [red: 0x0000ff, green: 0x00ff00, blue: 0xff0000, 0xffff00, '黄色': 0xffff00, '显示': a -> a & '!', ];

  8.  

  9. for i in list do

  10. ..?, i;

  11. end do;

  12. ?. 'DONE';

  13.  

  14. ?, 'red';

  15. ?, list[0];

  16. ?, list['red'];

  17. ?. list.red;

  18.  

  19. ?, 'green';

  20. ?, list[1];

  21. ?, list['green'];

  22. ?. list.green;

  23.  

  24. ?, 'blue';

  25. ?, list[2];

  26. ?, list['blue'];

  27. ?. list.blue;

  28.  

  29. list.yellow   = 0x00ffff;

  30. list['white'] = 0xffffff;

  31. list["black"] = 0x000000;

  32.  

  33. for i in list do

  34. ..?, i;

  35. end do;

  36. ?. 'DONE';

  37.  

  38. ?. list.'黄色';

  39. ?. list.'显示'('多彩缤纷的世界你好');
255 65280 16711680 16776960 16776960  DONE
red 255 255 255
green 65280 65280 65280
blue 16711680 16711680 16711680
255 65280 16711680 16776960 16776960  65535 16777215 0 DONE
16776960
多彩缤纷的世界你好!


下载该演示


6.3 新建列表

列表或者叫数组在声明时, 类似于类的声明, 只有一个实例而已, 相当于静态变量. 如果想要不同的副本, 可以加 "new" 关键字或者内置的 @clone() 函数. 这在函数里面或者循环里面非常有用.


  1. ########################################

  2. # set-clone

  3. ########################################

  4. #   new [...]

  5. ########################################

  6. #   s.@clone()

  7. ########################################

  8.  

  9. var s1 = new [1, 2, 3];

  10. s1.@each((i){?,i}); ?. null;

  11.  

  12. var s2 = s1.@clone();

  13. s2.@each((i){?,i}); ?. null;

  14.  

  15. s1[0] = 11;

  16. s2[1] = 22;

  17. s1.@each((i){?,i}); ?. null;

  18. s2.@each((i){?,i}); ?. null;
1 2 3 
1 2 3 
11 2 3 
1 22 3


下载该演示


6.4 有关列表的库


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-set

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (4)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     s.@count ()

  7. #     s.@each  (fun, reverse = false) # fun (val) or (val, key)

  8. #     s.@add   (v1, v2, ...)

  9. #     s.@clone ()

  10. ########################################

  11.  

  12. var pathSet(set, path, value) = locate(set, path, value, 1);

  13. var pathInc(set, path, value) = locate(set, path, value, 2);

  14. fun locate(set, path, value, mode) // mode: 0-get, 1-set, 2-inc

  15. ..var lp = nil;

  16. ..for p in path do

  17. ....if lp <> nil then

  18. ......if set[lp] = nil then

  19. ........set[lp] = new [];

  20. ......end if;

  21. ......set = set[lp];

  22. ....end if;

  23. ....lp = p;

  24. ..end do;

  25. ..result = set[lp];

  26. ..if mode = 1 then

  27. ....set[lp] = value;

  28. ..elsif mode = 2 then

  29. ....set[lp] += value;

  30. ..end if;

  31. end fun;

  32.  

  33. fun filter(s, f, n)

  34. ..var ret = n or new [];

  35. ..s.@each((v, k){

  36. ....if f(var v, k) then

  37. ......if k <> nil then

  38. ........ret[k] = v;

  39. ......else

  40. ........ret.@add(v);

  41. ......end if;

  42. ....end if;

  43. ..});

  44. ..result = ret;

  45. end fun;

  46.  

  47. fun find(s, f)

  48. ..result = nil;

  49. ..for v in s do

  50. ....if f(v) then

  51. ......return v;

  52. ....end if;

  53. ..end do;

  54. end fun;

  55.  

  56. fun compose(args, a)

  57. ..args.@each((f){

  58. ....a = f(a);

  59. ..}, true);

  60. ..return a;

  61. end fun;

  62.  

  63. fun map(fn, list)

  64. ..var set = new [];

  65. ..list.@each( v -> set.@add(fn(v)) );

  66. ..result = set;

  67. end fun;

  68.  

  69. fun fromPairs(list)

  70. ..var set = new [];

  71. ..list.@each( (v){

  72. ....set[v[0]] = v[1];

  73. ..});

  74. ..result = set;

  75. end fun;

  76.  

  77. fun reducePairs(p, a)

  78. ..a = a or new [];

  79. ..for i = 0 to p.@count() -1 step 2 do

  80. ....a[p[i]] = p[i+1];

  81. ..end do;

  82. ..result = a;

  83. end fun;

  84.  

  85. fun mapReduce(map, reduce, a)

  86. ..var ret;

  87. ..a.@each( v -> reduce(map(v), var ret) );

  88. ..result = ret;

  89. end fun;

  90. var mapReduceEx(map, reduce, preMap, a) = mapReduce(map, reduce, preMap(a));

  91.  

  92. fun formats(str, set)

  93. ..result = str.replace(/\{(\w++)\}/g, (m){

  94. ....result = formats(set[m.@(1)], set);

  95. ..});

  96. end fun;

  97.  

  98. var mergeJson = mergeSet;

  99. fun mergeSet(src, dst, isInc)

  100. ..for k: v in src do

  101. ....if k = nil then

  102. ......dst.@add(v);

  103. ....elsif dst[k] = nil then

  104. ......dst[k] = v;

  105. ....else

  106. ......try

  107. ........if v.@count() > 0 or dst[k].@count() > 0 then

  108. ..........mergeSet(v, dst[k], isInc);

  109. ........else

  110. ..........setRet();

  111. ........end if;

  112. ......except //?. @;

  113. ........setRet();

  114. ......end try;

  115. ....end if;

  116.  

  117. ....fun setRet()

  118. ......try

  119. ........if isInc then

  120. ..........dst[k] += v * 1;

  121. ........else

  122. ..........dst[k]  = v;

  123. ........end if;

  124. ......except

  125. ........dst[k]  = v;

  126. ......end try;

  127. ....end fun;

  128. ..end do;

  129. end fun;

  130.  

  131. # result = s2 - s1

  132. fun diffSet(s1, s2, ret)

  133. ..ret = ret or new [];

  134. ..result = ret;

  135.  

  136. ..for k: v in s2 do

  137. ....if s1[k] = nil then

  138. ......setRet();

  139. ....else

  140. ......try

  141. ........if s2[k].@count() >= 0 and s1[k].@count() >= 0 then

  142. ..........var d = diffSet(s1[k], s2[k]);

  143. ..........if d then

  144. ............ret[k] = d;

  145. ..........end if;

  146. ........else

  147. ..........setRet();

  148. ........end if;

  149. ......except //?. @;

  150. ........setRet();

  151. ......end try;

  152. ....end if;

  153.  

  154. ....fun setRet()

  155. ......if v <> s1[k] then

  156. ........if k = nil then

  157. ..........ret.@add(v);

  158. ........else

  159. ..........ret[k] = v;

  160. ........end if;

  161. ......end if;

  162. ....end fun;

  163. ..end do;

  164. end fun;

下载该库


  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-set.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-set.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..?. [1, 2, 3].@count();

  11.  

  12. ..[1, 2, 3].@each((i){?,i});

  13. ..?. 'DONE';

  14.  

  15. ..var abc = [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3];

  16. ..abc.@each((i, k){?,k & '=' & i});

  17. ..?. 'DONE';

  18.  

  19. ..abc.@add(4, 5, 6, g: 7, h: 8, i: 9)

  20. ......@each((i, k){?,k & '=' & i});

  21. ..?. 'DONE';

  22. end fun;
3
1 2 3 DONE
a=1 b=2 c=3 DONE
a=1 b=2 c=3 =4 =5 =6 g=7 h=8 i=9 DONE


下载该演示


6.5 JSON 格式


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-json

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (2)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     set.@toJson (format, json) # save set as JSON string

  7. #     str.getJson (json = false) # load str as JSON set/list/tree

  8. ########################################

  9. # 1. format param of @toJson()

  10. #    default 0, format levels

  11. #    join (concat) if format = -1

  12. # 2. json param of @toJson()

  13. #    default false, name quoted as "name"

  14. ########################################

  15.  

  16. fun JSON()

  17. ..fun Parse(s)

  18. ....result = s.getJson(json: true);

  19. ..end fun;

  20.  

  21. ..fun Stringify(s, level)

  22. ....result = s.@toJson(level, json: true);

  23. ..end fun;

  24. end fun;

下载该库


  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-json.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-json.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..var s1 = '[1, 2, 3]'.getJson();

  11. ..s1.@each((i){?,i});

  12. ..?. '';

  13. ..?. s1.@toJson();

  14.  

  15. ..var s2 = "[{key: str, val: 'this is a string.'},

  16.              {key: num, val: 123456789}]".getJson();

  17. ..s2.@each(

  18. ....(i){

  19. ......i.@each(

  20. ........(v, k){

  21. ..........?, k & ': ' & v;

  22. ........}

  23. ......);

  24. ......?. null;

  25. ....}

  26. ..);

  27. ..?. 'format: 0';

  28. ..?. s2.@toJson();

  29. ..?. 'format: 1 level';

  30. ..?. s2.@toJson(format: 1);

  31. ..?. 'format: 2 levels';

  32. ..?. s2.@toJson(format: 2);

  33. end fun;
1 2 3 
[1,2,3]
key: str val: this is a string. 
key: num val: 123456789 
format: 0
[{key:"str",val:"this is a string."},{key:"num",val:123456789}]
format: 1 level
[
 {key:"str",val:"this is a string."},
 {key:"num",val:123456789}
]
format: 2 levels
[
 {
  key: "str",
  val: "this is a string."
 },
 {
  key: "num",
  val: 123456789
 }
]


下载该演示


7. 正则表达式

Fun 支持 Perl 兼容的正则表达式(PCRE).


7.1 语法

正则表达式看起来像这样 /[^\/\s]+/[gimsux]*, %[^\%\s]+%[gimsux]* 和 $("[^"]+"|'[^']+'|`[^`]+`)[gimsux]* (正则表达式). 你还可以把一个字符串用 toRegex(选项) 函数来转成正则表达式.

Fun 语言内置 match() 和 replace(), 像是 str.match(re) 或者 re.match(str).

还有正则表达式运算符: =~ (判断匹配) 和 !~ (判断不匹配).


7.2 正则表达式库 (match and replace)


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-regex

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (3)

  5. ########################################

  6. #   match:

  7. #     str.match(str)           # match only in string form

  8. #

  9. #     str.match(reg)           # match in regex pattern

  10. #     reg.match(str)           # match in regex pattern

  11. #     str.match(reg, action)   # match in regex pattern

  12. #     reg.match(str, action)   # match in regex pattern

  13. #

  14. #   replace:

  15. #     str.replace(str, newstr) # replace all in string form

  16. #

  17. #     str.replace(reg, newone) # replace in regex pattern

  18. #     reg.replace(str, newone) # replace in regex pattern

  19. #

  20. #   toRegex:

  21. #     str.toRegex(options)     # options: g, i, m, s, u, x

  22. ########################################

  23. # 1. str: string

  24. #    reg: regex

  25. # 2. if 'g' in regex option, match() return a list of matched string

  26. #      if action exists, the action will be performed with a match

  27. #         object argument for every match, and return string concated

  28. #         from the return value of the action

  29. #    or, match() return a match object with all matched groups

  30. #                           (matched string is 0 of the groups)

  31. #      if action exists, the action will be performed with the match

  32. #         object one time, and return string from the return value of

  33. #         the action

  34. # 3. if newone is string, replace with the string one time or all

  35. #       (according to 'g')

  36. #    or if newone is action (function), replace with the return value

  37. #       of the action

  38. # 4. options:

  39. #    g - global, match or replace all

  40. #    i - ignore case, case insensitive

  41. #    m - multiple lines, ^ and $ match start or end of any line

  42. #    s - single line, dot(.) match any character, even newline(\n)

  43. #    u - UTF8

  44. #    x - extended, allow regex to contain extra whitespace and comments

  45. #    e.g.: '\d+'.toRegex('g')

  46. ########################################

  47.  

  48. # return left string, the right argument must be var right, e.g.:

  49. #   var right = '';

  50. #   var left  = splitonce(/\./, 'a.b', var right);

  51. #   // Now, left = a, right = b

  52. var splitonce(re, str, right) = re.match(str, (m){

  53. ....@ = m.missed();

  54. ....right = m.rest();

  55. ..});

  56.  

  57. # return a list

  58. var split = (re, str){

  59. ......result = new [];

  60. ......var m  = re.match(str);

  61. ......while m.@@() <> nil loop

  62. ........result.@add(m.missed());

  63. ........m.match();

  64. ......end loop;

  65. ......result.@add(m.missed());

  66.     };

下载该库


  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-regex.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-regex.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..# str.match(str), return bool

  11. ..?,     'abcd123efg' =~ '123';

  12. ..?,     'abcd123efg' !~ '1234';

  13. ..?,     'abcd123efg' .match( '123' );

  14. ..?. not 'abcd123efg' .match( '1234' );

  15.  

  16. ..# str.match(reg), reg.match(str), return bool

  17. ..?, not not 'abcd123efg' =~ /123/; # Convert to bool

  18. ..?,         /1234/       !~ 'abcd123efg';

  19. ..?, not not 'abcd123efg'    .match( /123/ );

  20. ..?. not     '1234'.toRegex().match( 'abcd123efg' );

  21.  

  22. ..# g, return list of matched string

  23. ..'abcd123efg'.match(/\d/g).@each((m){? '[' & m & ']'});

  24. ..?. null;

  25.  

  26. ..# not g, return match object

  27. ..?. 'abcd123efg'.match(/\d+/).value();

  28.  

  29. ..# str.match(reg, action), reg.match(str, action)

  30. ..# return string concated from return value of action

  31. ..?. 'abcd123efg'.match(/\d/g, (m){@= '[' & m.value() & ']'});

  32. ..?. 'abcd123efg'.match(/\d/i, (m){@= '[' & m.value() & ']'});

  33.  

  34. ..# str.replace(str, newstr)

  35. ..?. 'abcd123efg'.replace('123', '[123]');

  36.  

  37. ..# str.replace(reg, newstr), reg.replace(str, newstr)

  38. ..?. 'abcd123efg'.replace(/\d/g, '[$0]');

  39.  

  40. ..# str.replace(reg, action), reg.replace(str, action)

  41. ..?. 'abcd123efg'.replace(/\d/g, (m){@= '[' & m.value() * 3 & ']'});

  42.  

  43. ..var right = '';

  44. ..var left  = splitonce(/\./, 'a.b', var right);

  45. ..?. 'left: [$left], right: [$right]'.eval();

  46.  

  47. ..split('a.b.c.d', /\./).@each((m){?, '[' & m & ']'});

  48. ..?. null;

  49. end fun;
True True True True
True True True True
[1][2][3]
123
[1][2][3]
[1]
abcd[123]efg
abcd[1][2][3]efg
abcd[3][6][9]efg
left: [a], right: [b]
[a] [b] [c] [d]


下载该演示


7.3 匹配对象

match() 函数会返回一个匹配对象(没带 'g' 选项和 action 参数时). match() 和 replace() 的 action 函数都有一个匹配对象参数.


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-match (match object)

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (6)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     m.match()       # perform next match, return success or not

  7. #

  8. #     m.missed()      # return string missed (Left string of matched)

  9. #     m.value()       # return string matched

  10. #     m.value(substi) # return string substitute

  11. #        m.@@()       # return string matched

  12. #        m.@@(substi) # return string substitute

  13. #     m.rest()        # return string rest (All right string)

  14. #

  15. #     m.gcount()      # return group count

  16. #

  17. #     m.groups(num)   # return group by index

  18. #     m.groups(str)   # return group by name

  19. #          m.@(num)   # group by index

  20. #          m.@(str)   # group by name

  21. ########################################

下载该库


  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-match.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-match.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..var m = 'a.b.c.d' =~ /\./;

  11. ..loop

  12. ....print(m.missed(), 'missed');

  13. ....print(m.value(), 'value');

  14. ....print(m.@@(), '@@');

  15. ....print(m.rest(), 'rest');

  16. ....?. null;

  17. ....exit when not m.match();

  18. ..end loop;

  19. ..print(m.missed(), 'missed');

  20. ..?. null;

  21.  

  22. ..m = 'a.b.c' =~ /^(?P<first>\w)\.(\w)\.(\w)$/;

  23. ..print(m.gcount(), 'Count');

  24. ..print(m.groups('first'), 'first');

  25. ..?. null;

  26. ..for i = 0 to m.gcount() - 1 do

  27. ....print(m.@(i), i);

  28. ..end do;

  29. ..?. null;

  30.  

  31. ..fun print(str, name)

  32. ....?, '$name: [$str]'.eval();

  33. ..end fun;

  34. end fun;
missed: [a] value: [.] @@: [.] rest: [b.c.d] 
missed: [b] value: [.] @@: [.] rest: [c.d] 
missed: [c] value: [.] @@: [.] rest: [d] 
missed: [d] 
Count: [4] first: [a] 
0: [a.b.c] 1: [a] 2: [b] 3: [c]


下载该演示


  1. //Outer brackets: \((\d++(?:\.\d++)?|(?R))(?:[+\-*/](?1))++\)

  2. //      Simplify: \((\d+(\.\d+)?|(?R))([+\-*/](?1))+\)

  3. //Inner brackets:  ((\d++(?:\.\d++)?|(?3))(?:[+\-*/](?2))++)|(\((?1)\))

  4. //      Simplify:  ((\d+(\.\d+)?|(?5))([+\-*/](?2))+)|(\((?1)\))

  5. var re = $'

  6. (

  7.  (\d++(?:\.\d++)? | (?3))

  8.  (?: [+\-*/]

  9.      (?2)

  10.  )++

  11. )

  12. |

  13. ( \( (?1) \) )

  14. 'x;

  15.  

  16. ?. re.match('(((1+2-3)*4/5)-((1+2)-((3*4)/((5+(6-7))*(8/9+10.1)/11.2))))').@@();
(((1+2-3)*4/5)-((1+2)-((3*4)/((5+(6-7))*(8/9+10.1)/11.2))))


下载该演示


8. 库

Fun 提供了一个轻量级的基本库, 包括数学运算, 字符串和时间/日期处理, Windows API/COM, 列表处理和正则表达式等 ...


8.1 数学库


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-base

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. fun ifval (condition, vtrue, vfalse)

  6. ..if condition then

  7. ....return vtrue;

  8. ..else

  9. ....return vfalse;

  10. ..end if;

  11. end fun;

  12. var ifv    = ifval;

  13. var ifb(c) = ifv(c, true, false);

  14. var iff(c, t, f) = ifv(c(), t, f);

  15. var iffa(c, t, f) = ifa(c(), t, f);

  16.  

  17. fun ifa (condition, atrue, afalse)

  18. ..if condition then

  19. ....return atrue ();

  20. ..else

  21. ....return afalse();

  22. ..end if;

  23. end fun;

  24.  

  25. fun forloop (start, end1, step1, action, set)

  26. ..result = set;

  27. ..for i = start to end1 step step1 do

  28. ....result = action(i, result) or result;

  29. ..end do;

  30. end fun;

  31. var forto  = forloop;

  32. var forE(num, action, set) = forto(1, num, 1, action, set);

  33.  

  34. var filter = (start, end1, step1, cond, action){

  35. ..result = [];

  36. ..forto(start, end1, step1, (i, ret){

  37. ....if cond(i, ret) then

  38. ......action(i, ret);

  39. ....end if;

  40. ....result = ret;

  41. ..}, result);

  42. };

  43. var filter1(s, e, c, a) = filter(s, e, 1, c, a);

  44.  

  45. fun foreach (set1, action)

  46. ..for k: v in set1 do

  47. ....action(v, k);

  48. ..end do;

  49. end fun;

  50. var forin  = foreach;

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  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-math

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (6)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     a.exp    () # e ^ a

  7. #     a.log    () # LogE(a)

  8. #     a.sin    ()

  9. #     a.cos    ()

  10. #     a.atan   ()

  11. #     a.random () # 1.random(), 0.random(), a.random(), -1.random(seed = 0)

  12. ########################################

  13.  

  14. #use 'lib-base.fun';

  15.  

  16. var pow(a, b) = a ^ b;

  17. var sqrt(a)   = a ^ 0.5;

  18.  

  19. var exp(a)    = a.exp();

  20. var log(a)    = a.log();

  21. var log2(a)   = a.log() / 2.log();

  22. var log10(a)  = a.log() / 10.log();

  23.  

  24. var sin(a)    = a.sin();

  25. var cos(a)    = a.cos();

  26. var tan(a)    = a.sin() / a.cos();

  27. var atan(a)   = a.atan();

  28. var asin(a)   = atan(a / sqrt(1 - a ^ 2));

  29. var acos(a)   = atan(a / sqrt(1 - a ^ 2) * -1) + 2 * atan(1);

  30.  

  31. var pi()      = 1.atan() * 4;

  32. var e()       = 1.exp();

  33. var phi()     = (5^0.5+1)/2;

  34.  

  35. #var max(a, b) = ifv(a > b, a, b);

  36. #var min(a, b) = ifv(a < b, a, b);

  37. #var abs(a)    = ifv(a < 0, a * -1, a);

  38. var max(a, b) = a > b and a or b;

  39. var min(a, b) = a < b and a or b;

  40. var abs(a)    = a < 0 and a * -1 or a;

  41. //var round(a)  = a div 1;

  42. var round(a, b) = a * 10^b div 1 / 10^b;

  43. var floor(a)    = a div 1 > a and a div 1 - 1 or a div 1;

  44. var ceil(a)     = a div 1 < a and a div 1 + 1 or a div 1;

  45.  

  46. var gcd(x, y) = y and gcd(y, x mod y) or x;

  47. var lcm(x, y) = x * y / gcd(x, y);

  48.  

  49. var random()     = 1.random(); # return x in 0..1

  50. var randomize()  = 0.random();

  51. var randomint(a) = a.random(); # return x in 0..a

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  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-math.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-math.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..?, 8    = pow(2, 3);

  11. ..?, 2    = sqrt(4);

  12. ..?, e()  = exp(1);

  13. ..?, 2    = log(exp(2));

  14. ..?, 3    = log2(pow(2, 3));

  15. ..?. 4    = log10(pow(10, 4));

  16.  

  17. ..?, 0.000001 > abs(1 - sin(pi() / 6) * 2);

  18. ..?, 0.000001 > abs(1 - cos(pi() / 3) * 2);

  19. ..?, 0.000001 > abs(1 - tan(pi() / 4));

  20. ..?, 0.000001 > abs(pi() - atan(sqrt(3)) * 3);

  21. ..?, 0.000001 > abs(pi() - asin(sqrt(3) / 2) * 3);

  22. ..?. 0.000001 > abs(pi() - acos(sqrt(3) / 2) * 6);

  23.  

  24. ..?, pi();

  25. ..?. e();

  26.  

  27. ..?, 9 = max(1, 9);

  28. ..?, 1 = min(1, 9);

  29. ..?, 1 = abs(-1);

  30. ..?, 1 = round(1.4);

  31. ..?, 1 = round(1.4999);

  32. ..?. 2 = round(1.5);

  33.  

  34. ..randomize();

  35. ..?, random() < 1;

  36. ..?, random() < 1;

  37. ..?, random() < 1;

  38. ..?, randomint(100) < 100;

  39. ..?, randomint(100) < 100;

  40. ..?. randomint(100) < 100;

  41. end fun;
True True True True True True
True True True True True True
3.14159265358979 2.71828182845905
True True True True True True
True True True True True True


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8.2 字符串库


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-string

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (9)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     a.length   ()

  7. #     a.lower    ()

  8. #     a.upper    ()

  9. #     a.subpos   (sub)

  10. #     a.substr   (pos, len)       # Default pos=0, len=MAX, can be negative

  11. #     a.move     (ptr)            # ptr: int, copy to ptr

  12. #     a.x        (n)              # Replicate n times, or reverse (n = -1)

  13. #                                 #                       sort    (n = -2)

  14. #     a.escape   ()               # \ abtvrnf'"?/\ \x HH \u HHHH

  15. #     a.format   (A1, A2, ... An) # %s

  16. #     a.eval     ()               # $id

  17. ########################################

  18. # 1. a.escape()

  19. #      \a \b \t \v \r \n \f

  20. #      \' \" \? \/ \\

  21. #      \xHH \uHHHH

  22. ########################################

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  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-string.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-string.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..var a = 'Www.FunLang.Org';

  11.  

  12. ..?. a.length();

  13. ..?. a.lower();

  14. ..?. a.upper();

  15.  

  16. ..var b = a.lower();

  17. ..?. b.subpos('fun');

  18. ..?. b.substr();

  19. ..?. b.substr(4);

  20. ..?. b.substr(4, 7);

  21. ..?. b.substr(len: 3);

  22. ..?. b.substr(4, -8);

  23. ..?. b.substr(-3);

  24.  

  25. ..?. a.substr(4, 7).x(3);

  26.  

  27. ..var c = '[Hello\t\\\r\n\?\x40]';

  28. ..?. c;

  29. ..?. c.escape();

  30.  

  31. ..var d = 'Error: %s at %s/%s.';

  32. ..?. d;

  33. ..?. d.format('"a" not found', 10, 3);

  34.  

  35. ..var name = 'David';

  36. ..var e = 'Hello, $name.';

  37. ..?. e;

  38. ..?. e.eval();

  39. end fun;
15
www.funlang.org
WWW.FUNLANG.ORG
4
www.funlang.org
funlang.org
funlang
www
funlang
org
FunLangFunLangFunLang
[Hello\t\\\r\n\?\x40]
[Hello	\
?@]
Error: %s at %s/%s.
Error: "a" not found at 10/3.
Hello, $name.
Hello, David.


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8.3 时间和日期


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-time

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (2)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     a.time  () # 0.time(), a.time()

  7. #     a.format() # yyyy-mm-dd hh:nn:ss:zzz

  8. ########################################

  9.  

  10. var date() = 1.time(); # return date & time

  11. var time() = 0.time(); # return time

  12. var ms     = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;

  13.  

  14. class tick()

  15. ..var t    = time();

  16. ..var get  = {

  17. ....result = (time() - t) * ms div 1;

  18. ....t      = time();

  19. ..};

  20. ..var getStr = {

  21. ....result = get();

  22. ....if result    < 100                   then

  23. ......result = result div 1              & ' milliseconds';

  24. ....elsif result < 1000 * 60             then

  25. ......result = result div 100       / 10 & ' seconds';

  26. ....elsif result < 1000 * 60 * 60        then

  27. ......result = result /  1000 div 6 / 10 & ' minutes';

  28. ....else

  29. ......result = result / 60000 div 6 / 10 & ' hours';

  30. ....end if;

  31. ..};

  32. ..var show = (s, ms){

  33. ....if ms = 0 then ms = 1; end if;

  34. ....result = s & ': ' & get() / ms;

  35. ..};

  36. end class;

  37.  

  38. fun diffDate(y, m, d, default, diff, now)

  39. ..now = now or 1.time();

  40. ..result = default;

  41. ..try

  42. ....var mm = 'mm';

  43. ....var dd = 'dd';

  44. ....if diff in ['m', 'y'] then

  45. ......dd = 15;

  46. ......d  = 15;

  47. ....end if;

  48. ....if diff = 'y' then

  49. ......mm = 7;

  50. ......m  = 7;

  51. ....end if;

  52. ....result = now.format('yyyy-$mm-$dd'.eval()).toTime() - '$y-$m-$d'.eval().replace(/[^\d\-]++/g, '').toTime();

  53. ....if diff = 'm' then

  54. ......result = result / 30.436875 div 1;

  55. ....elsif diff = 'y' then

  56. ......result = result / 365.2425 div 1;

  57. ....end if;

  58. ..except

  59. ..end try;

  60. end fun;

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  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-time.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-time.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..?. date();

  11. ..?. time();

  12.  

  13. ..var t = tick();

  14. ..var s = 0;

  15. ..for i = 1 to 1000000 do

  16. ....s += i;

  17. ..end do;

  18. ..?, s;

  19. ..?. t.get();

  20. end fun;
2023-8-26 14:42:11
14:42:11
500000500000 156


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8.4 文件操作


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-file

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (8)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     f.load ()

  7. #     f.save (str, cp = 0, append = false) # cp 10056 - utf8 without bom

  8. #     f.find (sub = false) # find directory if f endswith '\'

  9. #     f.copy (f2, f3, ...)

  10. #     f.move (f2)          # delete f if f2 = null

  11. #     f.time (flag)        # flag: 0-CreationTime, 1-LastWriteTime

  12. #     f.size ()

  13. #     f.hash (mode)        # mode: 0-MD5, 1-SHA1

  14. ########################################

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  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-file.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-file.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..var f1 = 'c:\temp\admin\a.tmp';

  11. ..var f2 = 'c:\temp\admin\b.tmp';

  12. ..var f3 = 'c:\temp\admin\c.tmp';

  13. ..var fn = 'c:\temp\admin\?.tmp';

  14.  

  15. ..f1.save('Hello, FUN.');

  16. ..?. f1.load();

  17.  

  18. ..f1.copy(f2, f3);

  19. ..?. f2.load();

  20. ..?. f3.load();

  21.  

  22. ..use '..\lib\lib-base.fun';

  23.  

  24. ..foreach(fn.find(), (f){?.f});

  25.  

  26. ..f1.move();

  27. ..f2.move();

  28. ..f3.move();

  29.  

  30. ..foreach(fn.find(), (f){?.f});

  31. end fun;
Hello, FUN.
Hello, FUN.
Hello, FUN.
c:\temp\admin\a.tmp
c:\temp\admin\b.tmp
c:\temp\admin\c.tmp


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8.5 Windows API


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-winapi

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (2)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     f.getapi(name, type)

  7. ########################################

  8. #     f.@toCallback(nil, type, ptr)

  9. #     f.@toCallback(obj, type, ptr)

  10. ########################################

  11. # 1. f.getapi(name, type)

  12. #      f:    file name (.dll)

  13. #      name: proc name or address

  14. #      type: xxx...:x

  15. #            n(umber)  i(nt)     l(ong)

  16. #            s(tring)  w(idestr) a(nsistr)  r(awstr)

  17. #            p(ointer) v(oid)    c(allback)

  18. # 2. how to call?

  19. #      method.call() or method()

  20. #

  21. #    e.g.:

  22. #

  23. #      # get API

  24. #      var msgbox = 'user32'.getapi('MessageBox', 'issi:i');

  25. #

  26. #      # call via method.call()

  27. #      msgbox.call(0, 'Hello, world!', 'Welcome...', 1);

  28. #

  29. #      # or call via method()

  30. #      msgbox(0, 'Hello, world!', 'Welcome...', 1);

  31. # 3. f.@toCallback(obj, type, ptr)

  32. #      f                       # fun (function)

  33. #      obj                     # object

  34. #      type: xxx...:x          # W - BSTR (OleString)

  35. #      ptr: true or false      # default false

  36. ########################################

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  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-winapi.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-winapi.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..# constants

  11. ..var WM_SETTEXT = 12;

  12. ..var user32     = 'user32';

  13.  

  14. ..# get APIs

  15. ..var findwin = user32.getapi('FindWindow',    'ss:i');

  16. ..var sendmsg = user32.getapi('SendMessage',   'iiip:i');

  17. ..var gettext = user32.getapi('GetWindowText', 'ipi:i');

  18.  

  19. ..# settxt call sendmsg() - WM_SETTEXT

  20. ..var settxt(h, t) = sendmsg(h, WM_SETTEXT, 0, t);

  21.  

  22. ..# gettxt call gettext()

  23. ..var gettxt  = (h){

  24. ....result    = ' '.x(256);

  25. ....var len   = gettext(h, var result, 255);

  26. ....result    = result.substr(len: len);

  27. ..};

  28.  

  29. ..# call findwin via findwin.call()

  30. ..var handle  = findwin.call('Shell_TrayWnd', '');

  31.  

  32. ..# call settxt

  33. ..settxt(handle, 'New text.');

  34.  

  35. ..# call gettxt

  36. ..?. '[' & gettxt(handle) & ']';

  37.  

  38. ..# call settxt

  39. ..settxt(handle, '');

  40.  

  41. ..# call gettxt

  42. ..?. '[' & gettxt(handle) & ']';

  43. end fun;
[New text.]
[]


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8.6 Windows COM


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-winole

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (2)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     c.newobj(get = false)

  7. ########################################

  8. #     f.@toEvent()

  9. #     f.@toEvent(obj)

  10. #     f.@toEvent(obj, Source, EventID, DispIDs)

  11. ########################################

  12. # 1. c.newobj(get = false)

  13. #      c:    class name or id

  14. #      get:  get an existing COM object

  15. # 2. Call method of ActiveX Object

  16. #      obj.Method()

  17. # 3. Property get - @Property

  18. #      x = obj.Property        # or

  19. #      x = obj.@Property()     # or

  20. #      x = obj.@Property(...)  # for Property with params

  21. # 4. Property set - @@Property

  22. #      obj.Property = x        # or

  23. #      obj.@@Property(x)       # or

  24. #      obj.@@Property(..., x)  # for Property with params

  25. # 5. f.@toEvent()

  26. #      f                       # fun (function)

  27. #      obj                     # object

  28. #      Source                  # Windows COM Object

  29. #      EventID                 # IID

  30. #      DispIDs                 # DispID(s)

  31. ########################################

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  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-winole.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-winole.fun';

  6. use '..\lib\lib-base.fun';

  7.  

  8. test();

  9.  

  10. fun test()

  11. ..var f1 = 'c:\temp\admin\1.tmp';

  12. ..var f2 = 'c:\temp\admin\2.tmp';

  13. ..var fn = 'c:\temp\admin\?.tmp';

  14.  

  15. ..# Create ActiveX Object

  16. ..var sh = 'Wscript.Shell'.newobj();

  17.  

  18. ..f1.save('Windows COM');

  19.  

  20. ..# Call Method of COM Object

  21. ..sh.Run('cmd.exe /Ccopy %s %s'.format(f1, f2), 0, true);

  22.  

  23. ..?. f2.load();

  24.  

  25. ..foreach(fn.find(), (f){?.f; f.move()});

  26.  

  27. ..var regex = 'VBScript.RegExp'.newobj();

  28. ..regex.Pattern = '^\d+$';  # Property set, or:

  29. ............................# regex.@@Pattern('^\d+$');

  30. ..?. regex.Pattern;         # Property get, or:

  31. ............................# ?. regex.@Pattern();

  32. ..?. regex.Test('123');     # Call method

  33. ..?. regex.Test('abc');

  34. end fun;
Windows COM
c:\temp\admin\1.tmp
c:\temp\admin\2.tmp
^\d+$
True
False


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8.7 类型转换


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-type

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (5)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     a.toStr(index) # index: default 0, for array; -2: Unicode

  7. #     a.toNum(ptr) #1-int, 2-float, 3-double, -1:ptr

  8. #     a.toTime()

  9. #     a.toByte(pos)          # default 0

  10. #     a.toChar()

  11. #     a.fromByte(pos, byte)

  12. ########################################

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  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-type.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-type.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..?. 123.toStr() & 456.toStr(); # Auto conversion, same to 123 & 456

  11. ..?. '123'.toNum() * 2;         # Auto conversion, same to '123' * 2

  12.  

  13. ..?. '2010-05-12 15:53:59'.toTime() + 100;

  14. ..?. 'a'.toByte();

  15. ..?. 0x41.toChar();

  16.  

  17. ..if [] then                    # Auto convert to false

  18. ....?. '[]';

  19. ..else

  20. ....?. 'not []';                # HIT

  21. ..end if;

  22.  

  23. ..if [1, 2, 3] then             # Auto convert to true

  24. ....?. '[1, 2, 3]';             # HIT

  25. ..else

  26. ....?. 'not [1, 2, 3]';

  27. ..end if;

  28.  

  29. ..if 'true' or 'yes' or 'NOT_BLANK' then # true  <- true, yes, or other NOT BLANK string

  30. ....?. 'true or yes or NOT_BLANK';

  31. ..elsif 'false' or 'no' or '' then       # false <- false, no, or BLANK

  32. ....?. 'false or no or BLANK';

  33. ..end if;

  34. end fun;
123456
246
2010-8-20 15:53:59
97
A
not []
[1, 2, 3]
true or yes or NOT_BLANK


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8.8 动态脚本


  1. ########################################

  2. # lib-dyns

  3. ########################################

  4. #   built-in (1)

  5. ########################################

  6. #     a.compile(inline = false) # file or string

  7. ########################################

  8. #       a:      file or string

  9. #       inline: compile inline to access the current scope

  10. ########################################

下载该库


  1. ########################################

  2. # test for lib-dyns.fun

  3. ########################################

  4.  

  5. use '..\lib\lib-dyns.fun';

  6.  

  7. test();

  8.  

  9. fun test()

  10. ..// compile a file

  11. ..var a = 'lib-file-test.fun'.compile();

  12. ..a();      // execute lib-file-test.fun

  13. ..a.test(); // call test() in lib-file-test.fun

  14.  

  15. ..// compile a string

  16. ..var b = '?. 1 + 2;'.compile();

  17. ..b();

  18.  

  19. ..// compile a string inline

  20. ..var c = 'b();'.compile(inline: true);

  21. ..c();      // call b() in the current scope

  22. end fun;
Hello, FUN.
Hello, FUN.
Hello, FUN.
c:\temp\admin\a.tmp
c:\temp\admin\b.tmp
c:\temp\admin\c.tmp
Hello, FUN.
Hello, FUN.
Hello, FUN.
c:\temp\admin\a.tmp
c:\temp\admin\b.tmp
c:\temp\admin\c.tmp
3
3


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  1. var s = `var s = `$s`; ?. s.eval();`; ?. s.eval();
var s = `var s = `$s`; ?. s.eval();`; ?. s.eval();


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9. 附录

-


9.1 演示


  1. #*======================================

  2. ....FFFFFFFF   UU    UU   NN    NN

  3. ....FF         UU    UU   NNN   NN

  4. ....FFFFFFF    UU    UU   NN N  NN

  5. ....FF         UU    UU   NN  N NN

  6. ....FF         UU    UU   NN   NNN

  7. ....FF          UUUUUU    NN    NN

  8. ##======================================

  9.  

  10. var out = output();

  11. class output()

  12. ..var head = (s){?. s & '.'.x(20-s.length())};

  13. ..var body = (s){?, ' '; ?. s};

  14. ..fun close()

  15. ....head('end');

  16. ....? '\r\n'.escape();

  17. ..end fun;

  18. end class;

  19.  

  20. var idx;

  21. fun closure(o)

  22. ..var i = 0;

  23. ..return {

  24. ....o.body('index $i'.eval());

  25. ....result = i;

  26. ....i += 1;

  27. ..};

  28. end fun;

  29.  

  30. fun test(n, f)

  31. ..out.head(n);

  32. ..idx = closure(out);

  33. ..f();

  34. ..out.close();

  35. end fun;

  36.  

  37. test('if', {

  38. ..if    idx() > idx() and idx() <= idx() then # short-circuit

  39. ....out.body('wrong');

  40. ..elsif idx() < idx()  or idx() >= idx() then # short-circuit

  41. ....out.body('right');

  42. ..elsif idx() = idx() xor idx() <> idx() then

  43. ....out.body('error');

  44. ..else

  45. ....out.body('error');

  46. ..end if;

  47. });

  48.  

  49. test('case', {

  50. ..case idx() is # @ <- idx()

  51. ....when idx() do

  52. ......out.body('wrong x()');

  53. ....when [idx(), idx()] do // or when new ...

  54. ......out.body('wrong [x]');

  55. ....when '^(%s)$'.format(idx()).toRegex() do

  56. ......out.body('wrong /x/');

  57. ....when '^($@)$'.eval().toRegex() do

  58. ......out.body('right /x/');

  59. ....when idx() do

  60. ......out.body('error');

  61. ....else

  62. ......out.body('error');

  63. ..end case;

  64. });

  65.  

  66. test('loop', {

  67. ..loop

  68. ....exit when idx() < idx();

  69. ..end loop;

  70.  

  71. ..for i = idx() to idx() step idx() loop

  72. ....out.body((i = 2) & ' - ' & i);

  73. ..end loop;

  74.  

  75. ..for k: i in [a: idx(), b: idx(), c: idx()] do // or in new ...

  76. ....out.body('$k: $i'.eval());

  77. ..end do;

  78.  

  79. ..while idx() < idx() do

  80. ....next when idx() mod 2 = 0;

  81. ....exit when idx() < idx();

  82. ..end do;

  83.  

  84. ..out.body(idx() = 16);

  85. });

  86.  

  87. test('try', {

  88. ..try

  89. ....var error() = 1 / 0;

  90. ....idx(); error(); idx();

  91. ..except # @ <- exception

  92. ....out.body('$@ at $@@()'.eval()); # eval $@@ as the last error

  93. ..finally

  94. ....out.body('final'.x(-1)); # reverse: a.x(-1)

  95. ..end try;

  96. });
if..................
  index 0
  index 1
  index 2
  index 3
  right
end.................

case................
  index 0
  index 1
  index 2
  index 3
  index 4
  right /x/
end.................

loop................
  index 0
  index 1
  index 2
  index 3
  index 4
  True - 2
  index 5
  index 6
  index 7
  a: 5
  b: 6
  c: 7
  index 8
  index 9
  index 10
  index 11
  index 12
  index 13
  index 14
  index 15
  index 16
  True
end.................

try.................
  index 0
  Floating point division by zero at error/89()
  lanif
end.................


下载该演示


9.2 下载

Fun.zip


9.3 无聊的试验: 汉语中文编程


  1. #===========================================================

  2. #

  3. #                       测试中文编程

  4. #

  5. #      测试方法: funu.exe <本文件> -key:key_cn.ini

  6. #

  7. #===========================================================

  8.  

  9. 如果 真 则

  10. ..?. 真; # 中

  11. 结束 如果;

  12.  

  13. 如果 假 则

  14. ..?. 假;

  15. 再如 真 则

  16. ..?. 真; # 中

  17. 否则

  18. ..?. '肯定是哪里出错了!';

  19. 结束 如果;

  20.  

  21. 变量 甲 = 1;

  22.  

  23. 当 甲 是

  24. ..有 1 执行

  25. ....?. 1; # 中

  26. ..有 2 执行

  27. ....?. 2;

  28. ..有 3 执行

  29. ....?. 3;

  30. ..否则

  31. ....?. '否则';

  32. 结束 当;

  33.  

  34. 甲 = '你好';

  35.  

  36. 当 甲 是

  37. ..有 '好' 执行

  38. ....?. '很好很强大!';

  39. ..有 '坏' 执行

  40. ....?. '很黄很暴力!';

  41. ..有 '你好' 执行

  42. ....?. @ & ', 世界!'; # 中

  43. ..否则

  44. ....?. @ & '在哪里? 很傻很天真!';

  45. 结束 当;

  46.  

  47. 甲 = 1;

  48.  

  49. 循环

  50. ..?. 甲;

  51. ..跳出;

  52. 结束 循环;

  53.  

  54. 循环

  55. ..跳出 有 甲 > 9;

  56. ..? 甲;

  57. ..甲 += 1;

  58. 结束 循环;

  59. ?. '..搞定';

  60.  

  61. 甲 = 9;

  62.  

  63. 循环

  64. ..甲 -= 1;

  65. ..跳出 有 甲 <= 0;

  66. ..跳过 有 甲 取余 2 = 1;

  67. ..? 甲;

  68. 结束 循环;

  69. ?. '..搞定';

  70.  

  71. 甲 = 1;

  72.  

  73. 以 甲 <= 9 循环

  74. ..? 甲;

  75. ..甲 += 1;

  76. 结束 循环;

  77. ?. '..搞定';

  78.  

  79. 甲 = 9;

  80.  

  81. 以 甲 > 0 执行

  82. ..? 甲;

  83. ..甲 -= 1;

  84. 结束 执行;

  85. ?. '..搞定';

  86.  

  87. 设 甲 = 1 到 9 循环

  88. ..? 甲;

  89. 结束 循环;

  90. ?. '..搞定';

  91.  

  92. 设 甲 = 9 到 1 递增 -1 执行

  93. ..? 甲;

  94. 结束 执行;

  95. ?. '..搞定';

  96.  

  97. 设 甲 属于 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 循环

  98. ..? 甲;

  99. 结束 循环;

  100. ?. '..搞定';

  101.  

  102. 设 甲 属于 [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] 执行

  103. ..? 甲;

  104. 结束 执行;

  105. ?. '..搞定';

  106.  

  107. 尝试

  108. ..? '尝试..';     # 中

  109. 出错

  110. ..? '出错..';

  111. 结束 尝试;

  112. ?. '搞定';

  113.  

  114. 尝试

  115. ..? '尝试..';     # 中

  116. 收尾

  117. ..? '收尾..';     # 中

  118. 结束 尝试;

  119. ?. '搞定';

  120.  

  121. 尝试

  122. ..? '尝试..';     # 中

  123. 出错

  124. ..? '出错..';

  125. 收尾

  126. ..? '收尾..';     # 中

  127. 结束 尝试;

  128. ?. '搞定';

  129.  

  130. 尝试

  131. ..? '尝试..';     # 中

  132. ..? 1 / 0;

  133. ..? '1 / 0';

  134. 出错

  135. ..? '出错..';     # 中

  136. ..? @ & '..';     # 中

  137. 收尾

  138. ..? '收尾..';     # 中

  139. 结束 尝试;

  140. ?. '搞定';

  141.  

  142. 尝试

  143. ..? '尝试..';     # 中

  144. ..抛出 "停止!";

  145. ..? '停止!';

  146. 出错

  147. ..? '出错..';     # 中

  148. ..? @ & '..';     # 中

  149. 收尾

  150. ..? '收尾..';     # 中

  151. 结束 尝试;

  152. ?. '搞定';
True
True
1
你好, 世界!
1
123456789..搞定
8642..搞定
123456789..搞定
987654321..搞定
123456789..搞定
987654321..搞定
12345..搞定
54321..搞定
尝试..搞定
尝试..收尾..搞定
尝试..收尾..搞定
尝试..出错..Floating point division by zero..收尾..搞定
尝试..出错..停止!..收尾..搞定


下载该演示


  1. 且=and

  2. 为=as

  3. 以=while

  4. 位=bit

  5. 假=false

  6. 再如=elsif

  7. 出错=except

  8. 函数=fun

  9. 则=then

  10. 到=to

  11. 单线=atom

  12. 取余=mod

  13. 变量=var

  14. 否则=else

  15. 如果=if

  16. 尝试=try

  17. 属于=in

  18. 异或=xor

  19. 引用=use

  20. 当=case

  21. 循环=loop

  22. 或=or

  23. 执行=do

  24. 抛出=raise

  25. 收尾=finally

  26. 整除=div

  27. 新=new

  28. 是=is

  29. 有=when

  30. 真=true

  31. 空=null

  32. 类=class

  33. 结束=end

  34. 设=for

  35. 跳出=exit

  36. 跳过=next

  37. 返回=return

  38. 递增=step

  39. 非=not

下载该库


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